ساختار سرمایه و تاثیر آن بر ریسک و بازده شرکتها
چکیده
هدف: در دنیای رقابتی امروز، انتخاب ساختار سرمایه بهعنوان یکی از تصمیمات راهبردی مدیریت مالی، نقشی تعیینکننده در ایجاد توازن میان ریسک و بازده و در نتیجه موفقیت یا شکست شرکتها دارد. هدف این مقاله، ارایه یک مرور جامع و نظاممند از مبانی نظری و شواهد تجربی داخلی و خارجی درباره تاثیر ساختار سرمایه بر ریسک و بازده شرکتها و نیز شناسایی عوامل ایجادکننده تفاوت و تناقض در نتایج پژوهشهاست.
روششناسی پژوهش: از منظر تاریخی، ادبیات ساختار سرمایه از دیدگاههای اولیه مرتبط بودن ساختار سرمایه با ارزش شرکت آغاز شد و سپس با نظریه بیربط بودن مودیلیانی و میلر در شرایط بازار کامل وارد مرحلهای جدید گردید. در ادامه، نظریههای توازن و سلسلهمراتبی بهعنوان دو چارچوب محوری در تبیین رفتار تامین مالی شرکتها مطرح شدند که به ترتیب بر وجود سطح بهینه بدهی و ترجیح ترتیبی منابع تامین مالی تاکید دارند؛ همچنین ادبیات جدیدتر نشان میدهد عوامل رفتاری مدیران و زمانبندی بازار میتواند ساختار سرمایه بلندمدت شرکت را شکل دهد.
یافتهها: مقاله حاضر ضمن تعریف دقیق ساختار سرمایه و اجزای آن (بدهی، حقوق صاحبان سهام و ابزارهای ترکیبی)، به تشریح انواع ریسک مرتبط با تصمیمات اهرمی شامل ریسک تجاری، مالی، سیستماتیک و غیرسیستماتیک پرداخته و پیامدهای افزایش بدهی بر ریسک ورشکستگی و هزینههای درماندگی مالی را توضیح میدهد. در بخش بازده نیز معیارهای بازده تحققیافته و مورد انتظار و شاخصهایی مانند بازده سهام مرور میشود و نشان داده میشود که اثر اهرم مالی بر بازده دوگانه و وابسته به شرایط اقتصادی است.
اصالت/ارزش افزوده علمی: در نهایت، با تکیه بر شواهد ایران و جهان، نتیجهگیری میشود که رابطه ساختار سرمایه با ریسک و بازده پیچیده، چندبعدی و زمینهمحور است و اختلاف یافتهها عمدتا از تفاوت در سنجههای اندازهگیری، روشهای تحلیلی، شرایط کلان و ویژگیهای نهادی ناشی میشود.
کلمات کلیدی:
ساختار سرمایه، اهرم مالی، ریسک مالی، بازده سهام، بورس اوراق بهادار تهرانمراجع
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